Lesson 10, held on October 28, 2022:
Avaréa and maritime insurance. Stabilisation of the diarchy. The Orthodox schism. The forged pactum Clugiae and its consequences on the relationships between the capital and the most important vicus: from ducal gastaldi to potestates (podestà). Changes in European politics, society and economy around and after the turn of the XI century. Increase in demographics. Self-organisation of the cities under the bishops’ patronage. Restoration of infrastructures. New coltural methods. Beginnings of the controversy about investitures between the Church and the Western Empire.